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Land Subsidence Root Cause Analysis

RCA of Land Subsidence

Land subsidence happens when the ground slowly sinks because too much geothermal water or steam is taken out from deep underground. When this underground pressure drops, the soil and rocks above start to settle. This settling becomes worse when people make mistakes, such as using the wrong injection pressure or interpreting well data incorrectly. It also becomes more likely when teams do not have enough technical training or the required skills to monitor geothermal reservoirs properly.

Problems in the working process can also cause the land to sink over time. If there is no continuous tracking of underground pressure or if land deformation surveys happen only once in a while, warning signs may be missed. Poor reservoir management is another major cause. When more geothermal fluid is taken out than what is put back, or when reinjection is not planned well, the underground layers lose support. This leads to long-term sinking that is difficult to control.

Issues with equipment and materials make the situation even more serious. Reinjection wells may become blocked, pumps may not match the required capacity, and pressure sensors may stop giving accurate readings if they are not maintained on time. The materials inside the wells can also weaken. Steel casings can corrode because of hot and acidic fluids, and silica or mineral deposits can reduce underground water flow. When this happens, the land above becomes more likely to sink.

A strong and organized investigation is needed to understand all these causes. This is where ProSolvr becomes extremely valuable. ProSolvr helps teams visually explore the problem using fishbone or fault tree based Visual Root Cause Analysis, which makes even complex geothermal issues easy to understand. It also supports Virtual Collaboration, allowing teams in different locations to work together, share information quickly, and make better decisions. After the true causes of subsidence are identified, ProSolvr guides teams in creating effective Corrective and Preventive Actions, or CAPA. With ProSolvr, organizations can solve problems with more confidence and greatly reduce the chances of land subsidence happening again.

Land Subsidence

    • People
      • Human Error
        • Inaccurate data interpretation during well logging
        • Incorrect injection pressure settings
      • Inadequate Technical Expertise
        • Insufficient monitoring skill sets
        • Lack of training in geothermal reservoir management
    • Process
      • Inadequate Monitoring Process
        • Lack of continuous subsurface pressure tracking
        • Irregular land deformation surveys
      • Poor Reservoir Management
        • Unbalanced reinjection strategy
        • Over-extraction of geothermal fluids
    • Equipment
      • Inefficient Reinjection System
        • Blocked reinjection wells
        • Pump capacity mismatch
      • Faulty Pressure Monitoring Equipment
        • Delayed maintenance of monitoring wells
        • Sensor calibration drift
    • Materials
      • Casing Material Degradation
        • Poor quality steel in well casings
        • Corrosion due to acidic geothermal fluids
      • Decline in Reservoir Permeability
        • Silica deposition reducing flow
        • Mineral scaling in fractures
    • Environment
      • Natural Compaction
        • Long-term elastic compression of aquifer layers
        • Reduction in pore pressure from natural processes
      • Geological Instability
        • Pre-existing fault zones
        • Presence of weak sedimentary layers
    • Management
      • Inadequate Project Planning
        • Focus on production over sustainability
        • Underestimation of subsidence risk in design phase
      • Lack of Regulatory Compliance
        • Poor enforcement of reinjection balance rules
        • Absence of mandated subsidence limits

Suggested Actions Checklist

Here are some corrective actions, preventive actions and investigative actions that organizations may choose from:

    • People
      • Human Error
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Retrain operators and geoscientists on accurate data interpretation and injection pressure management procedures.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Implement competency-based assessments and simulation-based refresher training for critical operations.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Review incident logs and operational records to identify recurring human errors and their root causes.
      • Inadequate Technical Expertise
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Deploy experienced geothermal specialists to mentor less skilled staff and provide immediate technical support.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Establish structured training and certification programs in geothermal reservoir monitoring and management.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Evaluate skill matrices and training histories to determine knowledge gaps contributing to operational lapses.
    • Process
      • Inadequate Monitoring Process
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Introduce regular, automated subsurface pressure and land deformation tracking protocols.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Develop standard operating procedures mandating continuous monitoring and data validation intervals.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Analyze monitoring schedules and historical data to detect missed readings or inconsistencies.
      • Poor Reservoir Management
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Rebalance the reinjection and extraction strategy to stabilize subsurface pressure and minimize stress.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Implement predictive reservoir modeling to guide sustainable extraction and reinjection plans.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Assess historical extraction patterns and correlate them with recorded land deformation events.
    • Equipment
      • Inefficient Reinjection System
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Clean or repair blocked reinjection wells and recalibrate pumps to match reservoir capacity.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Schedule periodic inspection and maintenance of reinjection infrastructure to prevent blockages or mismatches.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Perform root cause analysis on system performance logs to identify recurring reinjection inefficiencies.
      • Faulty Pressure Monitoring Equipment
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Replace or recalibrate faulty sensors and ensure all pressure monitoring devices meet performance standards.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Establish preventive maintenance schedules and regular calibration checks for pressure equipment.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Examine maintenance records to identify delays or lapses leading to inaccurate readings.
    • Materials
      • Casing Material Degradation
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Replace degraded casings with corrosion-resistant materials suitable for geothermal environments.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Adopt material testing and quality assurance protocols for all well construction materials.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Conduct metallurgical analysis on failed casings to determine the mode and cause of degradation.
      • Decline in Reservoir Permeability
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Implement well stimulation or chemical treatments to restore flow pathways.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Introduce scaling inhibitors and routine monitoring for mineral deposition trends.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Study fluid chemistry and deposition patterns to identify the sources of permeability decline.
    • Environment
      • Natural Compaction
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Adjust extraction rates to reduce subsurface pressure drop and slow down compaction.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Establish threshold pressure levels to trigger automated reinjection balancing.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Review historical pressure and compaction data to model compaction rate trends.
      • Geological Instability
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Modify well placement or design to avoid drilling near fault zones or weak layers.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Integrate seismic and geological risk assessments into early project planning stages.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Conduct geotechnical and seismic surveys to identify zones contributing to instability.
    • Management
      • Inadequate Project Planning
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Reassess project design to incorporate long-term sustainability and risk mitigation measures.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Introduce multidisciplinary project review boards to evaluate design assumptions before execution.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Review planning documentation and design models to pinpoint where subsidence risks were underestimated.
      • Lack of Regulatory Compliance
        • Corrective Actions:
          • Update internal policies to align with government regulations on reinjection and subsidence control.
        • Preventive Actions:
          • Implement compliance audits and periodic reviews to ensure adherence to environmental and safety laws.
        • Investigative Actions:
          • Analyze compliance records and enforcement reports to identify recurring non-compliance areas.
 

Who can learn from the Land Subsidence template?

  • Geothermal Plant Engineers and Technicians: They can gain insights into how operational practices, reinjection balance, and equipment maintenance influence ground stability and reservoir performance.
  • Environmental and Geoscience Professionals: They can better understand the geological and hydrological interactions that contribute to subsurface deformation and how sustainable extraction practices can mitigate such risks.
  • Project Managers and Energy Planners: They can learn the importance of integrating risk assessment and sustainable design principles into geothermal project planning and execution.
  • Quality Assurance and Compliance Teams: These professionals can see how structured RCA and CAPA frameworks help ensure adherence to regulatory standards, operational guidelines, and safety requirements.
  • Policy Makers and Regulatory Authorities: By studying the RCA, they can recognize the need for enforcing stricter monitoring, reporting, and reinjection balance policies to prevent future subsidence incidents.
  • Training and Development Coordinators: They can use the findings to design targeted capacity-building programs that enhance workforce competence in geothermal operations, safety, and environmental stewardship.

Why use this template?

ProSolvr allows multidisciplinary teams to map out issues and visually connect them to their consequences. ProSolvr's intelligent structuring and guided CAPA generation can help organizations implement data-backed, actionable solutions efficiently. By transforming qualitative insights into structured RCA outputs, ProSolvr empowers engineers and managers to foster continuous improvement, ensuring safer, more sustainable geothermal operations.

Use ProSolvr by smartQED to eliminate issues in the geothermal domain for effective renewable energy production.

Curated from community experience and public sources:

  • https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/NZGW/2001/Bloomer.pdf
  • https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/42/1/012022